Doctor
"A Disciple of Aesculap"

The number of hospitals increased and surgical expertise soared in America as a result of the Civil War. States started licensing doctors in the 1870s, and by 1890, educators were standardizing medical training. Crowded cities with poor sanitation, like Chicago, were ideal breeding and transmission sites for diseases. Deadly cholera, diphtheria, smallpox, scarlet fever, and typhoid epidemics all struck Chicago, killing thousands.